Conquering+Copyright+Confusion

=Intro to Fair Use and Copyright= toc

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= Plagiarism = Welcome to the Plagiarism Tutorial (pre and post test) [] What Every Student Should Know about Plagiarism [] Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism (//gives examples of plagiarism vs. the correct way to report information//). [] Always Cite (handout concerning when you must cite) []

ALWAYS CITE, in the following cases: **1)** When you quote two or more words verbatim, or even one word if it is used in a way that is unique to the source. Most writers realize that they must acknowledge a source when quoting a memorable phrase or sentence. They’d be sure to credit Mark Twain when quoting: “The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco.” And you probably also understand that you do not need to cite words that are very common to your topic. When writing about Hamlet, you do not need to put the words “Hamlet” or “Shakespeare” in quotation marks, or cite a source for them, even though you may have read sources that use these words. But when a single word or two are used in a distinctive way, so that the author is creating a new concept or applying it to a new topic, you must give acknowledge the source. When John Baker redefines the significance of the mirror test by saying that chimpanzees’ awareness of their reflection is not full consciousness, but a limited “kinesthetic self-concept,” it’s clear that those two words, as specialized terms of art, should appear in quotation marks in your paper. Even though neither “kinesthetic” nor “self-concept” is unusual on its own, as a phrase they belong to the author. But even a single, non-specialist term—such as “consilience”—may become tied to an author (in this case, E.O. Wilson) through an influential publication, in which case you should put the single word in quotation marks, at least in your first mention of it in your text. **2)** When you introduce facts that you have found in a source. Facts that are generally accessible (the date of the Declaration of Independence, for instance) need not be cited to a particular source, but once you go up one level of detail on the information ladder, you probably need to cite the source (the number of people who signed the Declaration, for instance). And note that commonly known facts found in a particular or unusual context should be cited, so that the reader knows how your argument may have been influenced by the context in which you found it. For more, see [|Common Knowledge] .  **3)** When you paraphrase or summarize ideas, interpretations, or conclusions that you find in a source. For more explanation, see [|Fair Paraphrase]. **4)** When you introduce information that is not common knowledge or that may be considered common knowledge in your field, but the reader may not know it. For more information, see [|Common Knowledge] . **5)** When you borrow the plan or structure of a larger section of a source’s argument (for example, using a theory from a source and analyzing the same three case studies that the source uses). You may not be used to thinking of the plan of a source as proprietary to its author, but if you follow a source’s plan too closely without acknowledging that you saw it there first, you’re presenting as your own an analysis that someone else shaped. For example, if use Mark Hauser’s discussion of primates’ knowledge of other minds from //Wild Minds// and you discuss the same three experiments that he analyzes, then you must acknowledge this debt. The simplest way to do this is to say “Like Mark Hauser, I find the three experiments carried out by X, Y, and Z groups to be useful in considering the extent of chimpanzee awareness.” An even better way—because it highlights your distinctiveness as a writer—is to distinguish the different use to which you will put the analysis. If, for instance, you’re focusing on primate social skills rather than strictly on their awareness of other minds, you might write: “Mark Hauser examines three experiments carried out by X, Y, and Z for what they can tell us about knowledge of other minds. For my purposes, though, these same experiments shed important light on the social capacities of primates.” These statements can come in a discursive footnote or in the main body, although if the statement distinguishes your argument from the source’s, it has an important role in the body of the argument. See Gordon Harvey, //Writing With Sources//, Chapter 3, for an excellent discussion of unfair borrowing of another’s plan. **6)** When you build on another’s method found either in a source or from collaborative work in a lab. Relying on someone’s research method is like [|#5] above—borrowing a text’s plan or structure. If your approach to a problem is inspired by someone else’s work on a similar or analogous case, credit the original researcher. Building on the work of others is appropriate and desirable, but methods, like specific words and phrases, are a form of intellectual property.  **7)** When you build on another’s program or on a not-commonly-known algorithm in writing computer code. Although writing code may seem different from writing papers, the same standards of acknowledgment apply. If you rely on someone else’s program, you must credit that person. Some software algorithms are so well known that they rise to the level of Common Knowledge. Programmers use such pieces of code without acknowledgement. But if the code is not well known, someone reading your program might think you’ve authored parts that are borrowed. For a useful example of unauthorized code borrowing, see this page of the [|Princeton University website]. **8)** When you collaborate with others in producing knowledge. You may sometimes co-author a paper or other text during college; these opportunities are often more frequent in the professional world. When two or more people all contribute substantially to a piece, they normally list all their names as authors. But there are also occasions when someone gives help that does not rise to the level of co-authorship. If you work with a lab partner to set up an experiment, for instance, but run and analyze the results yourself, you should credit the lab partner in a footnote or by reference within your paper. Similarly, if you and a partner present a scene from a play, and you later write a paper using some of the insights you gained during production, you should credit the other actor. University life is structured so that your ideas will receive constant testing and refinement in discussion with others. You do not need to cite in your papers every conversation you have about the ideas or evidence. But you do need to develop a judgment about which conversations are incidental and which result in ideas that merit reference in your texts. If you take this warning as an opportunity, and make an effort to reveal the trail of your thinking in footnotes and acknowledgements, you’ll soon develop a sense of how to credit collaboration appropriately.

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=**Citation Tools**= []
 * Bib me **

[|http://citationmachine.net] []
 * Citation Machine **
 * Easy Bib ** (free MLA but a school subscription offers more options including web site evaluation and parenthetical citations).

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 * Knight Cite **
 * Noodle Tools ** (requires a paid subscription)

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 * OttoBib **

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 * Simple Bib **

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 * Workscited4you **

=**How do I properly attribute a Creative Commons licensed work? **=

All current CC licenses require that you attribute the original author(s). If the copyright holder has not specified any particular way to attribute them, this does not mean that you do not have to give attribution. It simply means that you will have to give attribution to the best of your ability with the information you do have. Generally speaking, this implies five things: In the case where a copyright holder does choose to specify the manner of attribution, in addition to the requirement of leaving in tact existing copyright notices, they are only able to require certain things. Namely: If you are interested to see what an actual license ("legalcode") has to say about attribution, you can use the CC Attribution 3.0 Unported license as an example. Please note that this is **only an example**, and you should **always** read the appropriate section of the specific license in question ... usually, but perhaps not always, section 4(b) or 4(c): [] Retrieved from " [] " Except where otherwise <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|noted] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, content on this site is licensed under a <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, you must leave those notices in tact, or reproduce them in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which you are re-publishing the work.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cite the author's name, screen name, user identification, etc. If you are publishing on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cite the work's title or name, if such a thing exists. If you are publishing on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cite the specific CC license the work is under. If you are publishing on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">If you are making a derivative work or adaptation, in addition to the above, you need to identify that your work is a derivative work i.e., “This is a Finnish translation of the [original work] by [author].” or “Screenplay based on [original work] by [author].”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They may require that you attribute the work to a certain name, pseudonym or even an organization of some sort.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They may require you to associate/provide a certain URL (web address) for the work.
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|Page]
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|Discussion]
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|View source]
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|History]
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|Policies]
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|Privacy Policy]
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|Terms of Use]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This page was last modified on 8 April 2010, at 18:17.
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|About CC Wiki]

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=** Sites to answer copyright questions **= Cyberbee [] Library of Congress/ Circular 92 (Copyright laws of PA) [|ammem|catalog|ppoc|Thomas|http://www.loc.gov/fedsearch/metasearch/?cclquery=circular+92#query=(circular 92)&filter=pz:id=lcweb|ammem|catalog|ppoc|Thomas] Plagiarism.org http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_plagiarism_faq.html Soundzabound (free royalty music) [] Teaching with Technology (1 animated clip) [] (includes video clip) Teaching with Technology (3 clips) [] University of Maryland University College [] Becker Copyright (submit your questions) [] Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Media Literacy Education (Center for Social Media) (full report and 1 video clip) []